Hiv Hiv And Hiv - 2192 Words

The number of individuals in South Africa infected with HIV is larger than in any other single country in the world. The 2007 UNAIDS report estimated that 5,700,000 South Africans had HIV/AIDS, or just under 12% of South Africa s population of 48 million. In the adult population the rate is 18.5%. Page 2 HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It’s the virus that causes HIV infection. The human immunodeficiency virus causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AIDS means Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection. AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. HIV destroys CD4 positive (CD4+) T cells, which are white blood cells crucial to maintaining the function of the human immune system. As HIV attacks these cells, the person infected with the virus is less equipped to fight off infection and disease, ultimately resulting in the development of AIDS. People with AIDS often suffer infections of the lungs, intestinal tract, brain, eyes, and other organs, as well as debilitating weight loss, diarrhea, neurologic conditions, and cancers such as Kaposi s sarcoma and certain types of lymphomas. Most peop le who are infected with HIV can carry the virus for years before developing any serious symptoms. But over time, HIV levels increase in the blood while the number of CD4+ T cells decline. WithoutShow MoreRelatedHiv And Its Effects On Hiv Essay1528 Words   |  7 Pagesthere are good happenings in life, there are bad happenings as well. Overtime there have been new diseases and viruses that strike us unexpectedly and for the worst. One of the many epidemic viruses that shook our world was the virus known as HIV. When the virus HIV first hit the globe it was horrifying and everyone around the world was petrified for his or her life. For instance, folks believed it would be another plaque sequence where many people died like the drop of a dime. In fact, the virus wasRead MoreHiv Epidemic : Hiv And Hiv1781 Words   |  8 PagesSince its identification approximately two decades ago, HIV has increasingly spread globally, surpassing expectations (1). The number of people living with HI V worldwide is estimated to be 36 million, with 20 million people having died from the disease, giving a total number of 56 million being infected (1). In 2000 alone, 5.3 million people were infected with HIV and there is potential for further spread. HIV infection rates vary all over the world with the highest rates in Sub-Saharan AfricaRead MoreHiv And The Transmission Of Hiv1354 Words   |  6 PagesEpidemiology: HIV is known to be transmitted through blood products, semen and vaginal secretions, making the transmission of HIV infection most commonly through sexual contact and IV drug use. HIV can enter the body through contact with the bloodstream or by passing through delicate mucous membranes, such as inside the vagina, rectum or urethra (The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: HIV/AIDS, 2015). The transmission routes for HIV make unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected partnerRead MoreHiv And The Hiv Epidemic1129 Words   |  5 Pageseventually dying alone due to an unwillingness to report their illness for fear of consequence or prejudice, and this allowed the HIV virus flourish. Several countries responded efficiently and effectively to the presence of the HIV virus in their midst, while other countries maintained an attitude of ignorance. The latter position contributed to a huge expanse of the HIV epidemic in some countries, namely South Africa and Iran. In contrast, those countries that effectively addressed and managed theRead MoreHiv And The Treatment Of Hiv1510 Words   |  7 PagesIntro: There have been 30 drugs approved to treat Hiv, but currently there are no cures for this virus. The treatment for Hiv can help people live with the virus while taking care of your physical, mental health, and overall well being. Starting treatment as soon as possible it can help your health circumstances and strengthen your immune system. Getting tested for HIV is very important to decrease the spread of the virus and save many lives. Getting tested to know your status in order to avoidRead MoreHiv And Its Effects On Hiv964 Words   |  4 Pages HIV does not make people dangerous to know. You can shake their hands and give them a hug. Heaven knows they need it.† (Diana, 1987) Princess Diana declared these words at an Aids Center in London as she sat on the bed of a patient and held his hand. She did this to destroy the notion that a majority of the population believed that the virus could be spread through casual contact (Thompson, 2007). HIV remains for human immunodeficiency infection. The infection can lead to acquired immunodeficiencyRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Hiv And Hiv1361 Words   |  6 PagesThe first cases of AIDS that were reported in the United States began in the early 1980s. Today, more than 1.1 million people are living with HIV. In response to this HIV epidemic, at least 35 states have implemented HIV-specific criminal laws that penalize HIV-positive people for exposing others to the vi rus. These laws impose criminal penalties to HIV positive people that knowingly and potentially expose others to the virus. The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act, also knownRead MoreHiv And The Prevalence Of Hiv Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pages HIV In Adolescents Shavon Q Frasier Delaware Technical and Community College Abstract According to the CDC, In the United States the prevalence of HIV in adolescents from age 13-24 is estimated to account for 22% of all new cases (cdc.gov 2016). Of those cases, the most new cases occurred among gay and bisexual males. Furthermore young African American and Latino gay and bisexual males have been affected in higher numbers than any other group. Addressing HIV in our youth entailsRead MoreHiv And Aids : Hiv / Aids Essay924 Words   |  4 Pages2.1 HIV/AIDS HIV is a latent virus that attacks and compromises the immune system and exposes the body to diseases and infections. AIDS is a disease of the immune system caused by a retrovirus known as HIV that makes the individual highly vulnerable to life threatening infections and diseases such as TB (FANTA, 2004). 2.1.1 TRANSMISSION OF HIV According to FANTA, there are three primary routes of HIV transmission; 1) Unprotected sex with a person carrying the HIV virus. 2) Transfusion of contaminatedRead MoreHiv Aids And Hiv And Aids1246 Words   |  5 Pages HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus (Avert). It is virus that attacks the immune system, our body’s defense against disease (Avert). Individuals who become infected with HIV will find it harder to fight infections (Avert). HIV is located in semen, blood, vaginal and anal fluids, and breast milk (HIV and Aids). The most common method to become infected is through anal or vaginal sex without a condom (HIV and Aids). Other forms of contraction include using infected needles/ syringes, from

The Case of The Regents of the University of California v....

The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke case in 1978 explored the issue surrounding a young white man’s rejection from UC Davis’ Medical School when students with lower grades than him were accepted through a minority benefits program. The young man, Allan Bakke, was rejected in two successive years before filing suit in the Superior Court of Yolo County, arguing that he had to be accepted to the school since those with grades lower than him had been accepted through the benefits program. The school claimed that the goal of their minority benefits program was to further diversify their campus. The program was intended for minority or disadvantaged students, but soon became entirely racially based, which was evident, since no white students were ever accepted into the program, regardless of any disadvantaged background they may have had. The school had lower expectations for the applicants in the benefits program, so some of the students accepted throug h that program were less qualified to attend the school than some of those who were rejected through the regular applicant process. Bakke was one of those rejected applicants, and felt that his rejection was unconstitutional according to both the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The school argued that they were encouraging diversity and understanding with the benefits program, but the Superior Court of Yolo County ultimately decided that theShow MoreRelatedThe Study of Affirmative Action Essay1400 Words   |  6 PagesThe Study of the Supreme Court Cases Regarding Affirmative Action The history of majority rights in the United States goes all the way back to the creation of the United States constitution. Although barely acknowledged at the time, it has become the contemporary issue of the United States starting with the Civil War. To this day civil rights are still being fought for and discrimination still occurs all over the United States; however, affirmative action is one of the main victories minoritiesRead MoreRegents Of The University Of California V. Bakke980 Words   |  4 PagesS.C.O.T.U.S. Legal Brief Justin Kaye Period 2 May 2015 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1976) Facts of the case: In the early 1970’s UC Davis decided to have a dual admissions program for their medical school. The purpose of having two admissions programs in one would be for regular students and the other one would be for â€Å"disadvantaged† students. Minority applicants could now say they were â€Å"disadvantaged† so they were put in the special pool which would make it easy for them toRead MoreRace and The Affirmative Action Policies1244 Words   |  5 Pagescreates. With such pending questions on fairness and of the constitutionality of affirmative action policies two major Supreme Court cases have arisen, University of California Regents v. Bakke and Grutter v. Bollinger, both impacting university admissions policies throughout the country and setting precedent in following rulings. Following the two rulings of these cases, I argue that affirmative action and the utilization of race as a positive factor is desperately needed in higher education. WithRead MoreRegents O f The University Of California V. Bakke2990 Words   |  12 PagesMay 2015 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) Introduction Race equality has been an arduous issue in the United States. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) is a landmark Supreme Court case that brought scrutiny to racial discrimination in the college admission process. The Encyclopedia Of Law And Higher Education introduces the discussion of the University of California at Davis’ special minority admissions policy at their medical school. The case was firstRead MorePersuasive Essay On Civil Liberties1208 Words   |  5 Pagesthat progress get washed away†. In the instance of the California license plate program, government officials are finding themselves â€Å"above the law† due to their special privileges. The ability to evade tolls and dodge red light cameras (Muir, â€Å"Special license plates shield officials from traffic tickets†) is merely an exception to the rule that any other citizen would find them self in trouble for. This occurrence, in addition to embezzlement cases such as that of Senator John Sampson of Brooklyn andRead MoreRegents of the University of California v. Bakke1203 Words   |  5 PagesCourt Case--May 2014 Regents of the University of California V. Bakke (1978) Issue Involved: Reverse Discrimination/The Constitutionality and Limitations of Affirmative Action Background on Affirmative Action: Definition of Affirmative Action: â€Å"A set of procedures designed to eliminate unlawful discrimination between applicants, remedy the results of such prior discrimination, and prevent such discrimination in the future.† Cornell University Law School March 6, 1961: John F. KennedyRead MoreDiscrimination in College Admissions1963 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Discrimination in College/University Admissions There can be many factors that determine whether or not you can get into a college. Do you have the grades, are you involved in your community, have you been convicted. Many questions like those listed above have been commonly asked to applicants who apply for major colleges universities. However, you are never asked your ethnicity during an interview, usually they give you an application to fill out and they have a space that allows you to checkRead MoreEssay about Affirmative Action and Higher Education1546 Words   |  7 PagesCourt, handed down the decision in Regents of University of California v. Bakke in 1978, he attempted to give a rational for affirmative action in higher education that did not rely on retribution for one race; however, over time modest progress improving minority representation in schools have combined with the frustrations of a new generation to create a present situation that puts the pasts policies under new political and legal scrutiny. When the Bakke decision was handed down it set standardsRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1329 Words   |  6 PagesPegnoglou 4 Gavin Pegnoglou Sherry Sharifian GOVT-2305-71433 6 October 2017 Civil Liberties v Civil Rights Civil Liberties and Civil Rights is a pillar for every American citizen. Civil Liberties are specific individual rights a person has that are legally protected from being violated by the government. 1 Civil Liberties include, but are not limited to, right to privacy, right to vote, right to bear arms, and right to marry. Civil Rights provide for the right to be treated equally without discriminationRead MoreLegal Expert Paper : Affirmative Action1800 Words   |  8 Pagespublic universities. California, Washington, Michigan, Nebraska, Arizona, and Oklahoma all passed bans through voter referenda. Affirmative action policies that were previously successful in improving representation of blacks and other disadvantaged students are now either dismantled or greatly restricted. Ironically, African Americans who were at the forefront of the successful struggle to open America s colleges and univ ersities to more diverse participation now face exclusion from California s and

Kingdom of matthias Free Essays

Kingdom of Matthias is one of the literary works that gives focus to an important part of American history, the great age of democratic revivals in the country. The book is an attempt to find meaning and relevance in the Kingdom of Matthias. The authors of the book, Paul Johnson and Sean Wiletnz assert that the Kingdom of Matthias cannot simply be called an evangelical movement for a closer analysis of the movement will reveal that Matthias’ religious vision does not run in parallel with the new evangelicals of the time. We will write a custom essay sample on Kingdom of matthias or any similar topic only for you Order Now Instead, his religious movement ran largely in contrast and in opposition to the evangelicals of the First and Second Great Awakenings. The book is the authors’ attempt to tell the tale of the national scandal that grew out of the Kingdom of Matthias. The authors weave a tale that integrates the three elements that made the Kingdom of Matthias prominent in American history. That is salvation, sex, and murder. The said literary piece is enjoyable to read despite its gruesome and eerie topic for the authors were able to turn the story into a novel. By using the lives of several characters, Johnson and Wilentz were able to reveal the facets of the evangelical movement through the lives of the said characters. This was vital to the story for it prevented the book from being a mere historical account of events by giving it a personal touch. Recounting the personal tales of each of the characters enabled the authors to tell the events in a story-telling manner. The book must also be commended for its ability to relate the events of the past to those of the present. This is vital especially since the book is often times used by students who want to see the relevance of what they are reading to their lives today. However, there are certain cases when the authors were seemingly exhausting the story too much. By doing so, they were clouding the story with tedium to certain extents. For instance, I do not see the need to discuss and expound on the Matthew’s brothers involvement in the anti-masonic hysteria in Rochester. Since the focal point of the book is a evangelical movement, it should be expected that much of the discussion will be centered on the intricacies of the religion and the beliefs it tries to promulgate. However, the authors were not able to give that much focus on the religious beliefs. Instead, the discussion was centered on how the Kingdom of Matthias was at the edge of religious respectability and how its teachings led to the scandal it saw itself in. Finally, the community played a very relevant role in the novel for the authors defined the lives of the main characters based on how the community reacted to them. In each of the stories that were recounted, the community’s role was largely explored. From the denial of certain evangelical movements of the membership of certain characters, to the reactions of the community to the practices of the Kingdom of Matthias, the authors continuously discussed the role and relevance of the community to the story. Kingdom of Matthias is a historical novel that explores the scandal of the evangelical movement of the same name. It tackles the relevance of how radical evangelism helped shaped the country into what it is today. How to cite Kingdom of matthias, Essay examples

Do You Want to Die free essay sample

With my helmet in my left hand and my Walmart scooter gripped firmly in the other, I entered the skate park. Twenty plus teenage boys sped around in the enclosed area. This places reputation had left me on edge, and I was scared to even stand. Slowly my best friend Trent and I made our way to the back corner of the fenced in square. I buckled my helmet and pushed off. Without any regard for my own safety, I quickly moved to the far left corner of the park. Standing on the far side of the obstacle eerily called the â€Å"spine†, Trent and I began our ascension to the top.About halfway up, I noticed one of the older, (12-13 year old) skaters standing ominously in the way. Trent looked at the tween, unknown to me at the time, and politely asked him to move. He responded with a decisive â€Å"Do you want to die?† and continued skating. We will write a custom essay sample on Do You Want to Die? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was my eight year old introduction to the skatepark. With my Yale baseball cap in my left hand and my newly bought skateboard gripped firmly in the other, I re entered the skatepark. Less than ten teenage boys sped around in the enclosed area, and I was now one of them. I put my cap on and began pushing, until I came upon a familiar face, the boy who asked me if I wanted to die all those years back. Now standing timidly as a seventh grader, the long learning process that skating requires began. I spent hours upon hours trying to learn the basics, doing ollies and kickflips until I was so tired I could barely move. I observed that boy and his friends, avoiding their looks in terror, cruise around the park, I stood back watching, Matt Wendt, a local skating hero. Around the same time, I started telling my friends at school that I skated. They seemed amazed that I stepped foot in the infamous skatepark, a haven for the rebellious/ bad teens in town. My reputation suffered, yet I continued on. I believed what everyone else said about the other kids that went to the park. Genuinely frightened, I was prepared to call my Mom at a moments notice. However, I still looked up to Matt and his group for inspiration, hoping one day that they would notice me, or even tap their boards on the ground after a trick, validating me and my abilities. I looked for Matt and his friends at the skatepark every time I went. We begin acknowledging each other with a brief head nod. I followed him around trying to copy his every move. He started referring to me as â€Å"Little Jimmy†, because of my resemblance to another older kid named James. Soon he became my mentor, instructing me to â€Å"Just run into it,† or â€Å"You have to flick your ankle, not kick out your leg.† He told me how to perfect my skill. Eventually we left the confines of our local park in hopes of finding adventure in other places. We went to skate parks in Bristol, Middlefield, Massachusetts, and my favorite, New York City. He taught me skatepark etiquette (the unwritten set of rules to abide by in a park), how to navigate around the city, and introduced me to so many new skaters I couldn’t keep all of their names straight. This trend continued and, along with Cody and Connor, I skated with Matt nearly every day. Our group formed, and I genuinely felt as if I had another family. The people that I had once been so afraid of had become some of my closest peers. Erasing my inhibitions and diving into skating with a goal in my mind allowed me to find both a hobby and friends that I hope to have for life. The boy who once threatened to kill me when I was in elementary school became both my mentor and one of my closest peers. The bonds I formed at this skatepark shaped who I am as a person.And to think, it all stemmed from my first death threat.

The Persecution Of Innocenece Essays - Anabaptism, Anabaptists

The Persecution Of Innocenece The Persecution of Innocence This essay will examine in detail the wrong doings of society upon the Hutterite people. It will also show how the Hutterian Brethren's agricultural expertise has been beneficial to the world. It will explain many accounts of torture and hardship endured by these people. The Hutterian brotherhood has been wrongly persecuted because of their religion and their way of life, for many years. The first written account of the Anabaptist movement dates as far back as January 21, 1525. On this evening several young men attempted to baptize one another. They did this upon confession of the faith. These young men had all planned to study classics at University but they quickly turned to the Bible. The young men mentioned as founders of Anabaptism were Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, and Jorg Blaurock. All of these men were well-respected scholars.1 The newfound Anabaptist movement seemed to spread rapidly throughout Switzerland, southern Germany, Tirol, and Moravia. A German chronicler described the rapid growth in these words, ?Anabaptism spread so quickly that their teachings soon covered, as it were, the land. They soon gained a large following and baptized many thousands, drawing to themselves many sincere souls who had a zeal for god.? Because of this astounding increase in the number of Anabaptists church and state officials resolved to extirpate the Anabaptists. This is where all the death and torture began for these innocent people.2 Only eight days after the first Anabaptist baptismal service, there was a continual flow of mandates issued against them. There were over two hundred edicts proclaimed against the Anabaptists in the sixteenth century, one hundred of which were issued in the first twenty years. Such officials as territorial rulers, bishops and the emperor issued the mandates. The mandates were not only directed against the Anabaptists themselves but against anyone who helped or aided them in any way.3 These mandates were a serious matter, penalties outlined in the mandates ranged from expulsion to death. Some of the punishments described include burning holes in cheeks, branding foreheads with the sign of the devil, cutting off the fingers or the tongue, and stretching on the rack. The years to follow brought about a period of brutality and suffering for the Anabaptists.4 In order to catch the Anabaptists or other parties guilty of aiding them, there were house to house searches. People were questioned about being an Anabaptist, and also about possible interactions with Anabaptists. The cruelest measures taken to seek out the Anabaptists occurred in southern Germany. German soldiers were sent out after the Anabaptists in large numbers, reaching up to one thousand. The soldiers were given orders to exterminate the Anabaptists by any one of several means including fire, water, sword, or hanging. The soldiers were to act immediately and without giving a trial. More brutal actions were taken against the Anabaptist leaders in an attempt to deter them from recruiting more people. For example a great preacher, Hans Hut was made to endure ?alle Qualen der Holle? (all the agonies of hell).5 There are many accounts of extreme brutality these people faced for many years. This particular account is very brief and simplistic but it does get the point across. Some were tortured terribly on the rack that they were torn apart and died. Some were burned to ashes and powder as heretics. Some were roasted on beams, some torn with red hot irons. Some were penned up in houses and all burned together. Some were hung on trees, others executed with the sword, and chopped up in pieces. Many had gags put in their mouths and their tongues tied so they could not speak and testify to their faith, and were thus led to the stake. What they had confessed with the mouth they testified with their blood. One group of women were cast into the water and then taken out again and asked if they would recant. Seeing that they were steadfast, their executioners cast them again into the water and drowned them. So terribly Satan raged through his children. Many were promised great gifts and riches should they recant. Others were entreated to utter just a single swear word, even a slight profanity, and they would

Superfeet Insoles Ergonomic Product Review

Superfeet Insoles Ergonomic Product Review The Superfeet are premium footbed replacements, or insoles, for your shoes. Most shoes, even the really good ones, do not have a good, ergonomic footbed. It is usually just a shaped piece of padding that covers the construction of the sole. Superfeet changes that. The Superfeet Insoles are designed to replace the insole that comes with your shoe, and at the same time improve it. It provides positive support for your feet. And your feet then pass the benefit up the body easing the strain on the legs, h0ips, and back. Why is it Different? Superfeet is different from most insoles because they are firm, not soft and cushy. And that makes a world of difference. A pillow is nice to lay on when you are relaxing. It is not that nice to walk on. So why would you put a pillow inside your shoe? Instead, the Superfeet provide firm arch support and a deep heel cup. The arch support helps keep the stress on the foot even over the entire foot and transition that force up through the body. The heel cup (and other support formations on the insole) help correct your heel strike when you walk. A good heel strike improves your balance and eases the stress on your legs, hips, and back. Does it Deliver? Looking at them you might not think the Superfeet are anything special, but they deliver in spades. The support they provide makes everything feel better, whether you are hiking on rocks or standing on concrete all day. It took me a few weeks to get used to them. In fact, my feet hurt worse for a while. Particularly the insides of the joint for my big toes. The insoles corrected my stride, part of which was how I pushed off with the balls of my feet. I was unaccustomed to pushing off like that and it hurt for a little while. But at the same time, the pain in my lower back and calves went away. Issues like that are bound to happen while adjusting to a new foot strike. That is one of the reasons why Superfeet comes with a 60-day return policy. They helped me so much that I got some for my dad who has similar problems to me. They stopped him from shuffling and his stride is a good eight inches longer with the Superfeet insoles. Beneficiaries If you wear shoes you can benefit from the Superfeet. If you have foot, leg, hip or back problems you can probably benefit from the Superfeet Insoles. Superfeet offers a number of styles customized to various activities to increase the benefit they provide. Some groups that will benefit from these tools are: Walkers/HikersStation/Assembly WorkersCyclistsSkatersBipedal Mammals Summary Superfeet insoles are one of the best insoles on the market. If you wear shoes then these are must have ergonomic accessories. Try them for 60 days and you will not walk without them.

Speech, Language and the Developing Child Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Speech, Language and the Developing Child - Essay Example Motherese is something that parents do with their children, perhaps not even realizing that they are doing it. They repeat their child, often substituting other words to the sentence, use a higher pitch to their voice, use simple sentences that the child can understand, and use grammatically correct language that their child then embraces and adds to their own vocabulary. This, working in concert with simple words and sentences, creates early conversational skills that the child can then expand upon in order to acquire more knowledge of how to communicate. Using a stage approach may not sit well with some people, for it limits what a child should know at a certain time. Children are pigeon-holed into a stage depending solely on their age, and not necessarily on their ability. If you believe that children should be free to learn at their own pace, then a staged approach isn’t for you. On the other hand, stages are clear markers of where a child should be, making it very obvious when a child would need extra help in order to catch up to his peers.

Air pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Air pollution - Essay Example From this research it is clear that air pollution has become a major environmental health problem affecting both developed and developing countries throughout the world. The consequence has been that air pollution is causing human health problems as well as damage to vegetation, crops, wildlife, materials, buildings and even the climate. In the U.S., the largest sources of air pollution, in order of importance, are: 1) transportation, mainly automobiles and trucks; 2) electric power plants that bum coal or oil; and 3) industry, for which the major sources include steel mills, metal smelters, oil refineries, and paper mills. The most common air pollution problem resulting from these emission sources is ground-level ozone (O3), According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), non-attainment of EPA requirements for O3 is the most common air pollution problem facing large cities in the U.S. It is estimated that, 160 million people in the U.S. lived in areas that are in non-attainment of healthful O3 levels (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD]. In the past, efforts to reduce air pollution have consisted primarily of "command and control" programs that involve enforcement of government regulations designed to reduce toxic emissions. Such programs have proven highly effective in reducing industrial, point source pollution and causing auto manufacturers to produce cleaner burning automobiles.... The stratospheric level of the earth's atmosphere lies directly above the troposphere, which extends from sea level to approximately 8-9 miles above the earth's surface. It is in the troposphere that nearly all forms of life on earth reside. Within the stratosphere lies a highly concentrated level of ozone, commonly referred to as the ozone layer. The highest concentrations of O3 within the stratosphere occur between 11-15 miles above the earth's surface. This stratospheric ozone layer is essential to the maintenance of life on earth, protecting the earth's inhabitants from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation (Buchholz 1). Thus, free of human interference, the stratospheric ozone layer is continually maintaining a dynamic equilibrium between ozone production and ozone destruction that maintains the earth's protective ozone layer. While O3 also occurs naturally in very small amounts at ground level in the troposphere, in urban areas throughout the U.S., tropospheric O3 levels are rising to unhealthful levels (Buchholz 1). In affected urban areas, O3 air pollution reaches its highest level between the months of May and September when temperatures are high and sunlight abundant. O3 forms at ground level when volatile organic compounds (VOC's) combine with nitrogen dioxides (NOx) in the presence of heat and light (Buchholz 1). NOx is formed via the burning of fossil fuels at high temperatures, and is the primary precursor to O3, NOx and VOC's, are emitted into the air by motor vehicles, electrical power plants and other industrial plants. Because the O3 molecule is highly reactive, it acts as a powerful oxidant. Consequently, ground-level ozone negatively affects human

Breastfeeding Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Breastfeeding - Annotated Bibliography Example The researchers noted the presence of a divide in understanding the breastfeeding approaches that Amanda was taught while in hospital and putting these approaches into practice. Importantly, this disconnect exists despite Amanda indicating her ability to understand concepts. Conversely, the second case presents Connie’s frustration to breastfeed her infant twins despite her motivation. It is instructive to point out that Connie, who is a registered nurse, received support from nurses who taught her the approaches to breastfeed. Nonetheless, she faced many obstacles despite the instructions she received, which effectively frustrated her although unrelenting practice eventually achieved success. The authors’ work is crucial in a clinical setting since it underlines the importance of nurses to develop interventions tailored to the needs of an individual mother. In addition, the researchers’ work highlights the importance of considering the motivation and cognitive appraisal in establishing a breastfeeding

Walt Disneys Silly Symphonies Analysis Film Studies Essay

Walt Disneys Silly Symphonies Analysis Film Studies Essay Walt Disney, arguably one of the twentieth centurys greatest story tellers, found his voice in the 1930s. Following from the success of the Mickey Mouse shorts, the Disney Studio began the production of the Silly Symphonies, a series that reworked fairy tales and nursery wisdom; reviving the classics in the hope of producing an animated feature. Mickey Mouse was Disneys superstar and occasional alter-ego. Steamboat Willie (1928) had made the studio a cut above his rivals but Disneys new project would take the spectator far beyond Mickey and into a new universe more daring and original that would make the studio not only influential but border line serious art. Taking from various sources such as paintings, magazine illustrations, films and posters, the Silly Symphonies fed the swelling stream of sentimental modernism at the Disney Studio, blending the fantastic and the real, the irrational and sentimental, magic and empiricism, highbrow and lowbrow culture (Watts, 2002: 111). The Silly Symphonies allowed the spectator to enter a fantastic world of nature, fairy-tales and metamorphoses, providing escapism full of colour and movement, free from history and repression. Russian filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein was a great admirer of Disneys early Silly Symphonies and the features up until Bambi (david hand, 1941). In his unfinished papers he discussed the work of the Walt Disney Studio between 1928 and 1941. Eisensteins fascination with Disney animation is based on the fantastical, alogical order in which it is possible to: achieve a mastery and supremacy in the realm of freedom from the shackles of logic, from the shackles in general (Disney) gives us prescriptions from folkloric, mythological, prelogical thought but always rejecting, pushing aside logic, brushing aside logistic, formal logic, the logical case (cited in O.Moore, 2002:125). The Silly Symphonies allowed the animators to try out new techniques and ideas with the two most important being the ability to squash and stretch giving the animators freedom to exaggerate their characters actions and expressions but also to create believability in such a way that the audiences accepted the distortions in a characters shape. Eisenstein was attracted to the elasticity of the animated cartoon and fascinated by the ever changing contours defining it as plasmaticness, a rejection of once and forever allotted form, freedom from ossification, the ability to dynamically assume any form (Leyda, 1988:21) Disney was not the first to experiment with form. French animator and auteur, Emile Cohl had produced Fantasmagorie in 1908. Lasting two minutes, the hand of an artist draws a clown which shape shifts into a myriad of images, for fantastic or comic effect, invoking an optical amusement for both young and old. The hand of the artist illustrates the advantage of working in ani mation, with the characters obeying to the transformation at the nudge of the animator. Eisenstein writes that it is the sight of omnipotence that makes the image so appealing as it holds the ability to become whatever you wishà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ turning stable forms into forms of mobility. (Leyda, 1988: 21) Eisenstein frequently focused on the Silly Symphony, Merbabies (1938) in which the metamorphoses and juxtapositions of the characters are central to the short. He exclaims: A striped fish in a cage is transformed into a tiger and roars with the voice of a lion or panther. Octopuses turn into elephants. A fish into a donkey. A departure from ones self from once and forever prescribed norms of nomenclature, form and behaviour. Here, its overt. In the open. And of course, in comic form. (Griffin 56) Eisenstein delighted in watching inanimate objects and animals metamorphose in shape and substance and then used for purposes other than intended. Whereas Emile Cohl transformed one object into another, Disney demonstrated the humanisation of inanimate objects. Whilst still maintaining their properties, the animals were able to think and behave like humans. What was once a tall building is now a building swooping down to avoid an oncoming plane, a trees branch becoming a long bony arm. Not only had Eisenstein recognised the greatness of the Silly Symphonies but so had America. From 1930, Silly Symphonies won an Academy Award every year for their cartoon shorts laying the stepping stones for his feature length films. The shorts looked toward experimenting with sound, music and image, focusing less on gags but evoking mood and emotion. An analysis in Stage magazine described the Silly Symphonies as, a rare kind of art wherein musical and pictorial elements came together as a seamless whole. With the music in a Bach chorale or a Mozart symphonyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦from the smoothness and precision of the lucid thing you hear, you are not aware of the formidable equipment of harmonics, counterpoint, and pure mathematics that its composer had to possess. So with les oeuvres Disney (Watts, 2002:123). With another critic observing, not until a couple of years ago were you ever permitted to see and hear a six-legged spider pounding out Schuberts Liebestraum or a baby grand piano or a pelican rattling off the Anvil chorus from Il Travatore on the bony skeleton of a giraffeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦or Mickey playing a xylophone solo on a set of false teethà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Watts, 2002:74) The Silly Symphonies expressed music without specific or recurring characters, with the action of inanimate objects or anthropormorphic animals moving in synchronisation with the music. Many of the shorts were built around a community of non-human creatures, joyful and celebratory, glorifying rural life in opposition to the oppressions of the big city. Russell Merritt notes that Disney himself was simply adapting the formulas of American marionette theatre, which in turn had been influenced by turn-of-the-century fairyland operettas and stage musicalsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Nor can the drawing, based on the style of American illustrators like Harrison Cady, W.W. Denslowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦be considered original art. But in the world of commercial American cartoons, no one had seen anything like it (Kaufman, 2006:6). Working on board with Disney was the extremely talented animator, Ubbe Iwerks and composer and music director, Carl Stalling. It was Stalling who came up with the original idea for th eir first Silly titled, The Skeleton Dance (1929). Entirely animated by Iwerks in black and white, and inspired by Edgar Allen Poe and gothic illustrators, The Skeleton Dance invites the spectator to an abandoned graveyard. The haunting visuals alert the spectator; the widening eyes of a terrified owl, a full moon, wind blowing whilst the owl shivers and hoots, expanding and shrinking. A branch from a tree swoops down, looking like a long, thin witchs arm. Bats fly from the belfry into the camera, a spider appears and crawls away, a dog howls, two cats bicker; spitting and sparring until out of the grave comes a skeleton. Atmospherics and mood is created with the visuals being accented by the music. Symbolic of a Halloween night (and later used as the inspiration for Disney Worlds Haunted Mansion) the images fright as well as amuse and approach horror and death in a comical way. Styled like a comic vaudeville routine, the skeleton bubbles with charisma. Metamorphosing in a comedic manner and dancing the Charleston, the skeletons dance in perfect synchronisation with Stallings score. What distinguished Stallings scores were their playful, often brilliant comic non-sequiturs: a radically disjunctive mingling of serious music with cakewalks, ragtime, and soft shoesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.the symphonies revelled in a musical openness ahead of its time, a non-hierarchical approach, in which all genres of music were considered equal- all joyfully embraced, nothing sacred. (Kaufman, 2006:8) As early as 1930, Paul Rotha wrote, To many writers at the moment, the Disney cartoons are the most witty and satisfying productions of modern cinema. Their chief merit lies in their immediate appeal to any type of audience, simply because they are based on rhythm. They have been compared with the early one reelers of Chaplin, and the way in which they appeared unheralded, gradually to achieve an international acceptance is not unlike that of the great comedians early work. (Kaufman, 2006:8) In contrast to The Skeleton Dance and with the new frontier of Technicolor (the new three-colour process for film), Flowers and Trees (1932) presented a moralistic story about good triumphing over evil (a common theme within the Disney films). As morning breaks, nature awakes from its slumber. The trees stretch their branches and yawn, the flowers awake; some brush their teeth, others perform their daily exercises. The mushrooms pop out from beneath the ground. The female tree has leaves like feather bowers and uses white flowers to powder her nose. The old tree stump is dark and grey with crows nesting in his broken branches. As he yawns, bats fly from his mouth. The male tree pulls at some reeds to play the harp, another tree conducts as the birds sing along. Flowers and Trees pays homage to traditional culture. The magical story is accompanied by the music of Schubert, Rossini and Mendelssohn. These films work to the classical narrative of a heterosexual romance with a celebration of the community or courtship. There is a conflict, a kidnapping of some sort with the climax of the male protagonist duelling and saving the day with harmony being restored. Rather than the bleakness of the crowded city street, animation allows an attractiveness, a transformed world, free from restrictions, restrain and control, inviting a new freedom. Eisenstein comments that Disneys works themselves strike me as the same kind of drop of comfort, an instant of relief, a fleeting touch of lips in the hell of social burdens, injustices and torments, in which the circle of his American viewers is forever trapped. (Leyda, 1988:7) This was not only for children but for anyone of any age proving that cartoons can appeal to both intellect and imagination. The Silly Symphonies were more original and more progressive and caused a revolution in the animated cartoon industry. Out of the 210 (find ref) Silly Symphonies, only some are remembered if at all, with only a few remaining famous. Shorts such as The Three Little Pigs, The Old Mill, Flowers and Trees and The Skeleton Dance are the most recognised with only the Big Bad Wolf and Donald Duck remaining well-known Symphony characters. Disneys films were then a lyrical, limitlessly imaginative revolt against the disciplinary regimes of the capital, against the big grey wolf who in America is behind every corner, behind every counter, on the heels of every person especially those of the working class. (James, 2005:271) As time passed by and the Disney Company expanded, Disney finally betrayed Eisensteins notions of utopian promise in the medium (James, 2005:271). The Silly Symphonies enabled the studio to extend their aesthetic experimentation, taking it in new directions and laying the foundation for the narrative formulas that made Disney so popular. He had mobilised the highest quality skills and developed new technical innovations such as introducing synchronised sound, colour, special effects and the multi-plane camera. Eisenstein criticised the use of colour in the Disney films describing it as an amorphous, extraneous element that plays no part in [Disneys] amazing synchronous dance of lines and shapes, melody and rhythm. (find ref) Disney had finally abandoned the plasmatic that was apparent in the early Silly Symphonies and began leaning more toward the verisimilitude of graphic representation. Animals now possessed human characteristics both emotional and psychological and his style aband oned its utopian potential, establishing realism as the norm in animation. 85:Animal bestiary; ss were effectively experimental films progressing the form itself. 86: Disney was moving closer to the revelation of the animal and progressing the form toward a hyperrealoism, which though diminishing some aspects of the freedoms of the animation language, began to ironically facilitate a way in which truly cinematic effects might be achieved Need to add in: The Silly Symphonies were intended for the mass market and thus colour was used not only to present the real and express narrative development but also to provide transformations were it is as expressive and fluid as music. ever, Kristean Moen argues that colour can be seen as a site of instability and fluidity. introducing high art to animation. The name itself suggests a blend of both high and low culture and demonstrates the studios attitudes to high art. Exhibition book , 89-The Disney animators also applied the principles of follow-through and overlapping action. Never done, most things were like a cut out, moving in one piece. No one thought of the characters clothing following through, sweeping out and dropping a few frames later, which it does naturally. Thats why d anuimation looked so different. The animators applied principles used in the theatre- secondary action, anticipation, staging and timing to create believable perfomanc. 3 little pigs was a rbeakthough: for the first time, characters who look alike demonstrated differing personalities through their movements. It now wasnt just how it looked by gow he moved and determined his personality. 90-As the work of the animators became more polished, the performances grew more subtle AND NUANCED Until they rivalled the acting of live performers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the characters cease to exist as drawings but become live individuals. Although not directing many of the Silly Symphonies, they benefited from Disneys intervention and he was making animation a sophisticated art form. Paul Wells argues however that by taking into account the contribution of Iwerks, it is possible to challenge the view that Disney can be wholly understood as a figure around whom the key enunciative techniques and meanings of a film accrue and find implied cohesion. (Wells: ) Watts; 108 The Skeleton Dance dramatically enlarged the boundaries of enchantment and the uncanny for mainstream cartoon industry. From its earliest days metamorphosis had always been the mainspring of cartoon magic. Cartoon characters were made of parts that could change, bend out of shape, detach, grow or diminish. Landscapes were forever changing themselves. But the ss moved awar from such surreal (not abandoning them altogether) and expanded upon atmospherics Merit pg, 8 (rephrase)

A Comparison of Things Fall Apart and Julius Caesar Essays -- comparis

Comparing Things Fall Apart and Julius Caesar      Ã‚  Ã‚   "Things Fall Apart" by Chinua Achebe and "Julius Caesar" by William Shakespeare are two very different books that are interrelated through their similar themes and characters. There are characters from both stories that can connect to one another through their common motives and characteristics. Many of the main themes and elements of the stories are similar including a tragic ending and themes of betrayal, honor, and conflict. However, there are differences between the characters and themes from the two books as well.    In Things fall apart, Okonkwo would resemble Caesar most because they were both men of high titles with success in war and battle. Okonkwo was a well accomplished soldier known for the many heads that he had severed off enemies during tribal conflicts. Casesar was one of the greatest generals of all time bringing Rome to its peak height of power. Both men did not fear death but meet death abruptly. Even though they were very similar, Caesar was killed by an assassination, while Okonkwo commits suicide.    Mr. Kiaga, the translator and negotiator for the Christian missionary can be matched most easily to Antony. Both men had great oratory skills which they put to good use. Kiaga used his skills to convert and had won many converts to the new faith. Antony used his oratory skills to convince the crowd at Caesar's funeral that Brutus and the conspirators had killed Caesar unjustly. Both men had very loyal qualities. Antony was loyal to Caesar and wanted to avenge Caesar's death. Mr Kiaga was loyal to the church and Mr Brown, the priest and head of the missionary. Even though they are similar in many ways, they have differe... ...ad done nothing at all and Brutus killed him because he believed that the general would change into a tyrannical ruler. Caesar's ambition could have destroyed Rome if it wasn't for the noble actions of Brutus.    Even though these two books may seem very different, they also share many similarities. Though they are not related through their plots, they definitely share some very important themes and resemblance of characters. Through these similarities, two different stories in completely different time frames and locations can be brought together in many instances.    Works Cited:    Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. 1958. The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces, Expanded Edition, Vol. 1. Ed. Maynard Mack. London: Norton, 1995. Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Ed. Alan Durband. London: Hutchinson & Co. Publishers Ltd., 1984.